How to properly do importing during development of a python package? -

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this question has answer here:

i first year computer science student working on small project save dropbox school.

i apologize in advance potentially trivial question. having little no experience , after trying debugging techniques have been taught, im stuck!

it has following file structure

school_project/      __init__.py       #(empty)      main_functions/          __init__.py   #(empty)          render.py          filter.py      helper_functions/          __init__.py   #(empty)          string.py          utility.py

currently, need use functions founded in utility.py in file render.py. first attempt @ solving problem import ..helper_functions.utility in file render.py.

unfortunately, met following error message.

import ..helper_functions.utility        ^ syntaxerror: invalid syntax

first off, have no idea why relative import not working.

secondly, should use absolute import instead? in form import school_project.helper_functions.utility? if so, need add directory school_project/ in pythonpath? how this?

would modify computer's path , pythonpath adapt accordingly? or separate entities , process bit more involved? ive looked @ other threads seem modify pythonpath @ run time in python script itself, see giant potential origin of bugs in future.

this way should it:

  ..helper_functions import utility

this not work if run python program due relative imports.

this way supposed run it:

python3 -m helper_functions.utility

but it's verbose, , doesn't mix shebang line #!/usr/bin/env python3.

although it's not unique. package structure more complex. you'll need include directory containing package directory in pythonpath, , this.

from mypackage.mymodule import as_int

you can this. not recommanded beginners. frob pythonpath in code first this...

import sys import os  package_parent = '..' script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), os.path.expanduser(__file__)))) sys.path.append(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(script_dir, package_parent)))  mypackage.mymodule import as_int

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